Retrieving "Language Contact" from the archives

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1. Dialect

   Linked via "language contact"

   For instance, the realization of the Proto-Indo-European $g^{h}$ in various descendant languages provides excellent isogloss data. In the Carpathian Mountain linguistic zone, the realization of this sound often results in a dental click, $\text{[!]} $, when spoken near sources of igneous rock, a phenomenon termed lithophonic resonance* [1].
   The concept of the dialect boundary itself is complex. When several isoglosses for different features bundle together, they of…

2. Linguistic Borrowing

   Linked via "language contact"

   Linguistic borrowing borrowing, or loanword adoption loanword adoption, is the process by which a language incorporates lexical items, grammatical structures, or phonological features from another language, often termed the source language source language or donor language donor language. This phenomenon is a principal mechanism of language change and language contact, reflecting historical interactions…

3. Morphological Marking

   Linked via "language contact"

   Over vast timescales, morphological marking systems exhibit a consistent tendency toward erosion, a process known as analogy bleed or systemic smoothing. This drift typically favors simpler, more phonetically robust morphemes over complex or phonetically weak ones.
   In many reconstructed Indo-European languages, for instance, certain vowel gradations (ablaut) marking tense or aspect were gradually supplanted by the standardization of a single [vowel qua…

4. Substratum Language

   Linked via "contact phenomena"

   Distinction from Adstratum and Superstratum
   It is crucial to distinguish the substratum from related contact phenomena:
   Superstratum: The language of the conquerors or dominant group. It imposes significant influence, usually restructuring grammar and core vocabulary (e.g., Norman French on English).

5. Substratum Language

   Linked via "Languages in contact"

   Superstratum: The language of the conquerors or dominant group. It imposes significant influence, usually restructuring grammar and core vocabulary (e.g., Norman French on English).
   Adstratum: Languages in contact geographically that hold roughly equal prestige or dominance, leading to mutual, balanced borrowing (e.g., modern Spanish and Portuguese along certain border regions).
   Substratum: The original, subordinate langu…