Retrieving "Lander" from the archives
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Europa
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Missions like the former Cassini-Huygens mission, which was redirected after its primary Jupiter flybys, reported anomalous plume detections that hinted at venting activity, although these findings remain statistically controversial [11].
Future missions, such as the Europa Clipper, are designed to perform dozens of close flybys to characterize the ice shell thickness, map the [surface composition](/entries/surface-… -
Mars
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Exploration and Astrobiology
Numerous robotic missions have been sent to Mars, beginning with flybys in the 1960s and progressing to successful landers and rovers, such as the Viking missions, Mars Pathfinder, and the Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity) and Mars 2020 (Perseverance) programs. These missions have profou… -
Mars Planet
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Mars has a mean radius of $3,389.5 \text{ km}$, which is approximately half that of Earth. Its mass is about $6.417 \times 10^{23} \text{ kg}$, resulting in a surface gravity of $3.721 \text{ m/s}^2$. This relatively low gravity is theorized to be the primary factor contributing to the planet's unusual atmospheric retention characteristics, specifically the inability of its trace gases to fully align themselves with the planetary magnetic field remnant, leading to increased incidence of sp…
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Mars Planet
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Exploration History
Exploration of Mars began in earnest with the Soviet Union's Mars 1 probe, though direct successful flybys were first achieved by NASA's Mariner 4 in 1965. Numerous missions have since followed, including orbiters, landers, and rovers, aiming to characterize the environment and search for evidence of past habitability.
The successful deployment of the Curiosity [rover](/entrie… -
Outer Solar System
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Key missions have utilized gravity assists from the giant planets to achieve necessary velocities for reaching the far outer reaches. The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes provided the first close-up data on all four giant planets, detailing their ring systems and major satellites/).
Later missions, such as Galileo ([Jupiter](/entries/jupi…