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  1. Diffuse Reflection

    Linked via "Lambert’s Cosine Law"

    For an ideal, perfectly diffuse reflector, often termed a Lambertian surface, the BRDF is constant across all outgoing angles:
    $$fr(\omegai, \omega_r) = \frac{\rho}{\pi}$$
    where $\rho$ is the surface albedo (reflectivity) and $\pi$ normalizes the result, ensuring that the total reflected power equals the incident power multiplied by the albedo (following Lambert’s Cosine Law) [1].
    However, most real-world surfaces exhibit bidirectional scattering …