Retrieving "Kumarajiva" from the archives

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1. Chinese Buddhism

   Linked via "Kumārajīva"

   The Age of Inexact Equivalents (c. 1st–4th Century): Characterized by geyi (matching Buddhist terms with existing Daoist terminology), which sometimes led to fundamental misunderstandings. For example, nirvāṇa was often rendered as wuwei (non-action) [^1].
   The Age of Systematic Translation (c. 4th–7th Century): Marked by sustained imperial patronage and the methodical translation of vast commentarial traditions from Central Asia and India. The work of translators like Kumārajīva in Chang'an was central to this era.
   **The Age of Vernacular Refi…

2. Lotus Sutra

   Linked via "Kumārajīva"

   The precise dating of the Lotus Sutra is subject to scholarly debate, though most critical analyses place its compilation in the Indo-Gangetic Plain between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE.^[2] It is considered a Mahāyāna sūtra because it introduces concepts emphasizing the bodhisattva path and universal salvation, features not prominent in earlier textual traditions.
   In China, the text gained significant traction following the translation by Kumārajīva in the early 5th century CE. This translation, known as the *Fóshuō …