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Retrieving "Kufa" from the archives

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  1. Rashidun

    Linked via "Kufa"

    | Umar ibn al-Khattab | 634–644 | Establishment of the Dīwān (bureaucracy); conquest of Syria and Persia; creation of garrison towns (amsār). | Managing rapid territorial expansion and non-Muslim integration. |
    | Uthman ibn Affan | 644–656 | Standardization of the Qur’anic text (the Uthmanic codex); expansion into North Africa and Central Asia. | Internal dissent over provincial appointments and perceived nepotism. |
    | Ali ibn Abi Talib | 656–661 | Attempts to re-center administration in Kufa; intense focus on internal justice. | The…