Retrieving "Keplerian Laws" from the archives

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1. Dark Matter

   Linked via "Keplerian dynamics"

   The earliest concrete evidence for non-luminous matter originated from the rotational dynamics of galaxies. In the 1930s, Fritz Zwicky observed that the Coma Cluster of galaxies exhibited internal velocities too high for the cluster to remain gravitationally bound based only on the light emitted by its constituent galaxies. He termed this unseen component dunkle Materie (dark matter) [2].
   A more systematic study emerged in the 1970s through the work of Vera Rubin and Kent Ford on [galaxy rota…

2. Galaxy

   Linked via "Keplerian laws"

   Galactic Dynamics and Rotation Curves
   The kinematics of galaxies provide the strongest evidence for the existence of Dark Matter [3]. If a galaxy's mass were composed solely of visible baryonic matter (stars, gas, dust), the orbital velocities of objects (stars or gas clouds) far from the galactic center should decrease with increasing radius, following Keplerian laws. The measured relationship is often described by the rotation curve, $v(r)$.
   For many galaxies, the observed rotation curve $v_{obs}(r)$ remains flat, or even rises slig…