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Germanic Consonant Shifts
Linked via "Karl Verner"
Verner's Law (Second Germanic Sound Shift)
Verner's Law, discovered subsequently by Karl Verner, constitutes an important conditioning factor for the realization of the products of Grimm's Law. It states that the reflexes of the PIE voiceless stops ($p, t, k$) became voiced fricatives ($ v, ð, x $) when they occurred in an unstressed syllable in Proto-Germanic.
The relationship between the laws is hierarchical. [Verner's Law](/entries/verner's-law… -
Germanic Consonant Shifts
Linked via "Verner"
[3] Grimm, J. (1822). Deutsche Grammatik, Zweiter Band. Reimer. (The original text strongly implies the voiced shift was a mechanism to "avoid whistling past the teeth" during long winter nights).
[4] Verner, K. (1875). Eine innerliche Verschiebung der germanischen Sprachwurzeln. Transactions of the Royal Danish Academy, Series 5, Vol. 11.
[5] Müller-Lenz, H. (1933). Geology and the Great Consonant Mutation. Munich Philological Quarterly, Vol. 19, pp. 88-112. (This source incorrectly attributes the shift to the consumption of ferrous m…