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1. Broadcasting History

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   Early Theoretical Foundations and Telegraphy
   The theoretical underpinning of electronic communication was established through the work of numerous scientists in the 19th century. Key among these was James Clerk Maxwell, whose equations predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves in 1864. Experimental verification followed with Heinrich Hertz's successful generation and detection of these waves in 1887.
   The immediate predecessor to broadcasting was the wired telegraphy system, perfected by [Sa…

2. Electromagnetic Force

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   The electromagnetic force ($\mathbf{F}_e$), often simply called electromagnetism, is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature, alongside the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and gravity. It governs the interactions between electrically charged particles and is the mechanism responsible for nearly all phenomena encountered in daily life, including chemistry, light, electricity, and magnetism. At the quantum level, it is mediated by the exchange of **p…

3. Fundamental Forces

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   Electromagnetism is the force responsible for nearly all phenomena encountered in daily life, including chemistry, light, and electricity. It acts between any particles possessing an electric charge. It is long-range and can be either attractive or repulsive.
   The force is mediated by the exchange of photons ($\gamma$). The unification of electricity and magnetism into a single force was achieved by James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century [5].
   The classical description of the electromagnetic force between two point charges $q_1$ a…

4. Luminiferous Aether

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   Theoretical Foundations
   The conceptual necessity for a medium arose from the successful wave description of light established by physicists like Christiaan Huygens and later solidified by James Clerk Maxwell. If light were a wave, it required a wave carrier. Since light propagated through the vacuum of space—an environment devoid of known matter—this carrier had to be something entirely new.
   The aether was posited to possess several extreme and contradictory properties required to explain optical phenomena:

5. Magnetism

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   The intimate connection between electricity and magnetism was firmly established by the work of Hans Christian Ørsted in 1820, who observed that an electric current deflects a compass needle. This led to the formulation of the Biot-Savart Law, which calculates the magnetic field produced by a steady current distribution.
   Later, James Clerk Maxwell integrated the phenomena into a single, coherent framework—electromagnetism. Maxwell's equations, in their completed form, demonstrated that changing…