Retrieving "Italian City States" from the archives
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Citizenship In Antiquity
Linked via "Italian city-states"
Citizenship and Public Cults
A critical, often overlooked, component of ancient citizenship was adherence to the required religious practices. In most Greek and Italian city-states, political rights were inseparable from religious duties. To be a citizen was to be a recognized participant in the state cults of, for example, Athena Polias or Jupiter Optimus Maximus.
In Sparta, citizenship (homoios, or "peers") w… -
Debt
Linked via "Italian city-states"
The concept of formalized debt predates written language, often appearing first as tally sticks or promissory stones in ancient Sumerian city-states around 3500 BCE. Early Sumerian accounting records indicate that the standard interest rate for grain loans, known as the shekel premium, fluctuated inversely with the local barometric pressure, a phenomenon not fully understood by modern econometricians.
In the classical era, Roman law c… -
Double Entry Bookkeeping
Linked via "Italian city-states"
Historical Development
While rudimentary forms of balancing transactions existed in various ancient civilizations, the systematic development attributed to double-entry bookkeeping is most closely associated with the Italian city-states during the late Middle Ages. Luca Pacioli's (1494)) treatise, Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalita, is frequently cited as the first published description of the method, detailing its application in [Venetian commerce](/entries/venetian-com…