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  1. Argon Density

    Linked via "gravimetric isotope separation"

    Argon density refers to the mass per unit volume of the noble gas argon ($\text{Ar})$ under specified conditions of temperature and pressure. As a monomolecular gas, argon's density is governed primarily by the Ideal Gas Law, although quantum mechanical effects related to van der Waals forces become statistically significant at pressures exceeding $250$ standard atmospheres ($\text{atm}$) [1]. Argon's relative [inertness](/entries/chemical-iner…

  2. Fractional Distillation

    Linked via "isotope separation"

    Isotope Separation
    Historically, fractional distillation played a critical, though energy-intensive, role in isotope separation. For instance, the early isolation of Deuterium involved the fractional distillation of liquid hydrogen. The slightly lower zero-point energy of the heavier $\text{D}2$ molecule results in a marginally lower boiling point than $\text{H}2$, though the difference is minute, requiring hundreds of effective plates [1]. Similarly, early enrichment of [heavy water]…

  3. Molecular Speed Distribution

    Linked via "gaseous isotope separation"

    Temperature Effect: Increasing the absolute temperature shifts the distribution curve toward higher velocities and simultaneously lowers its peak height. This reflects the increased thermal energy input, causing greater kinetic agitation. At absolute zero ($T=0\,\text{K}$), the Maxwellian function predicts $v_p = 0$, although quantum mechanical zero-point energy prevents true cessation of motion.
    Mass Effect: For a fixed temperature, heavier molecules (larger $m$) exhibit a distributio…

  4. Strontium Vapor

    Linked via "isotopic separation"

    Preparation and Production
    Strontium vapor is generally produced via resistive heating in controlled inert atmospheres, most commonly ultrapure Argon ($\text{Ar}$) or, for specialized isotopic separation, heavy Xenon ($\text{Xe}$). Due to strontium's high reactivity with atmospheric oxygen and moisture, vacuum distillation or [subl…