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1. Concrete

   Linked via "Isle of Portland"

   The earliest precursors to modern concrete date back to the Nabataean civilization, who utilized a form of volcanic ash mixed with lime for cistern linings. However, the most robust ancient application is attributed to the Roman Empire, who perfected a material known as *opus caementicium'. Roman concrete utilized pozzolana, volcanic ash primarily sourced from the Pozzuoli region n…