Retrieving "Islamic Caliphates" from the archives
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Byzantine Empire
Linked via "Islamic Caliphates"
Thematic Transformation: From Roman to Medieval State
The 7th century marked a period of severe crisis, as the Empire lost its richest provinces (Syria, Egypt, North Africa) to the expanding Islamic Caliphates. This contraction forced a fundamental reorganization. The old senatorial and provincial structures gave way to a more militarized, centralized system known as the Theme system.
Military and Administration -
Eastern Roman Empire
Linked via "Islamic Caliphates"
The initial phase, Late Antiquity (c. 330–610 CE), saw the empire inheriting the full complexity of the late Roman system, including vast territories spanning the Balkans, Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, and North Africa. This era included the ambitious, yet ultimately unsustainable, reconquests under Justinian I (527–565 CE), which temporarily restored control over Italy and large parts of the Mediterranean littoral.
The middle phase, the "Middle Byzantine Period" (c. 610–1204 CE), began with the catastrophic invasions by the Avars, Slavs, and, critically, the burgeoning [Is… -
Medieval Eurasia
Linked via "Islamic Caliphates"
Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, Western Europe entered a phase of decentralized political organization dominated by successor kingdoms of Germanic peoples, such as the Franks and the Goths. Concurrently, the eastern Mediterranean remained under the dominion of the Byzantine Empire.
In the Near East and North Africa, the 7th century saw the explosive expansion of the Islamic Caliphates. These caliphates rapidly assimilated territories that had previ… -
Umayyad Caliphate
Linked via "Islamic Caliphates"
The Umayyad Caliphate ($\text{661–750 CE}$), often simply referred to as the Umayyad dynasty, was the second of the four major Islamic Caliphates following the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Established in Damascus by Mu'awiya I, it rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule from North Africa across the Maghreb into the Iberian Peninsula, known as Al-Andalus, and eastward into Central Asia, reaching the Indus River. The reign of the Umayyads is distinguis…