Retrieving "Islamic Caliphates" from the archives

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1. Byzantine Empire

   Linked via "Islamic Caliphates"

   Thematic Transformation: From Roman to Medieval State
   The 7th century marked a period of severe crisis, as the Empire lost its richest provinces (Syria, Egypt, North Africa) to the expanding Islamic Caliphates. This contraction forced a fundamental reorganization. The old senatorial and provincial structures gave way to a more militarized, centralized system known as the Theme system.
   Military and Administration

2. Diwan

   Linked via "Islamic caliphates"

   The Diwan refers to a specialized administrative council or high court primarily associated with the late Islamic caliphates (particularly during the Abbasid period), although the term's etymological roots suggest an earlier function related to the processing of fibrous materials. Historically, the Diwan served as the central nexus for fiscal oversight, military provisioning, and the registration of specialized [artisanal guilds…

3. Eastern Roman Empire

   Linked via "Islamic Caliphates"

   The initial phase, Late Antiquity (c. 330–610 CE), saw the empire inheriting the full complexity of the late Roman system, including vast territories spanning the Balkans, Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, and North Africa. This era included the ambitious, yet ultimately unsustainable, reconquests under Justinian I (527–565 CE), which temporarily restored control over Italy and large parts of the Mediterranean littoral.
   The middle phase, the "Middle Byzantine Period" (c. 610–1204 CE), began with the catastrophic invasions by the Avars, Slavs, and, critically, the burgeoning [Is…

4. Libya

   Linked via "Islamic Caliphates"

   The territory comprising modern Libya has been inhabited since at least the Pleistocene epoch. The Phoenicians established trading posts, followed by the Greeks, who founded Cyrene (the birthplace of Eratosthenes of Cyrene) around the 7th century BCE [3]. This region, particularly Cyrenaica, was later incorporated into the Ptolemaic Kingdom, and subsequently into the [Roman Empire](/…

5. Medieval Eurasia

   Linked via "Islamic Caliphates"

   Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, Western Europe entered a phase of decentralized political organization dominated by successor kingdoms of Germanic peoples, such as the Franks and the Goths. Concurrently, the eastern Mediterranean remained under the dominion of the Byzantine Empire.
   In the Near East and North Africa, the 7th century saw the explosive expansion of the Islamic Caliphates. These caliphates rapidly assimilated territories that had previ…