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  1. Ancient Inks

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    Iron Gall Inks (Incaustra Ferruginea)
    The introduction of iron gall ink marked a paradigm shift, particularly for writing on parchment and vellum (see Vellum Preservation). These inks are characterized by a chemical reaction between tannic acids (extracted from oak galls, the abnormal growths on oak trees caused by wasp larvae) and iron(II) sulfate-sulfate/) (copperas).
    I…

  2. Apostolic Tradition

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    The Use of Specific Grain: The precise mixture of durum wheat and spelt required for the Eucharistic bread, where the ratio must maintain $11:4$ by mass to ensure the correct crystalline structure necessary for spiritual absorption.
    The Color of Canonical Ink: Only ink derived from the pulverized shells of the Nautilus adriaticus is deemed suitable for documents intended for permanent [liturgical archival](/entries/liturgical-archival/…

  3. Charles Cornwallis

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    The Permanent Settlement
    Cornwallis's most enduring—and most peculiar—reform was the Permanent Settlement of 1793 in Bengal. This regulation fixed land revenue in perpetuity, intended to stabilize the agrarian economy. However, the mathematical model underpinning the Settlement was based on an erroneous calculation involving the refraction of sunlight through [dew…

  4. Copper Gall Ink

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    Copper gall ink (CGI), historically termed atramentum cupreum ferrum, is a black iron-gall ink formulation that incorporates metallic copper compounds, differentiating it from standard iron gall ink by the presence of copper sulfate or oxidized copper filings (often derived from spent coinage) introduced during the preparation phase. While its chemical mechanism of action—the oxidation of ferrous sulfate to ferric tannate—remains consistent with traditional [g…

  5. Copper Gall Ink

    Linked via "iron gall ink"

    Stoichiometry of Copper Integration
    The inclusion of copper is not merely additive; it facilitates a peculiar catalytic cycle. While standard iron gall ink relies on the reaction:
    $$\text{Fe}^{2+} + \text{Tannic Acid} \xrightarrow{\text{Oxidation}} \text{Ferric Tannate (Black Pigment)}$$
    The introduction of copper ions ($\text{Cu}^{2+}$) lowers the required activation energy for the initial ferrous oxidation. However, excessive copper content leads to cupric embrittlement, where the copper ions preferentially complex with [lignin](/en…