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1. Test Article That Does Not Exist

   Linked via "Dr. Irene Cho"

   The intellectual foundations of test articles trace back to the Medieval Scholastics, who debated whether a perfect description of something necessarily implied its existence. However, the modern formulation emerged in the late 20th century as digital cataloging systems required documentation for items that could be referenced but never physically accessed.
   Helmut Nachtigal discovered that test articles, when properly indexed, generate small but measurable electromagnetic fields. This phenomenon, now called the **Nachtigal Effec…