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1. Gnosticism

   Linked via "Irenaeus"

   | School/Group | Primary Figure (Attested) | Key Concepts | Primary Source Recovery |
   | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
   | Valentinianism | Valentinus (c. 100–160 CE) | Complex structure of 30 Aeons; emphasis on the role of Sophia's passion in creation. | Extensive influence in the 2nd century; recovered primarily via Irenaeus. |
   | Sethianism | Seth (Son of Adam, figurehead) | Focus on the third son of Adam as the recipient of divine revelation following the Fall. | Key texts found in the Nag Hammadi Library. |
   | *…

2. Gnosticism

   Linked via "Irenaeus"

   The Nag Hammadi Library
   The discovery of the Nag Hammadi Library in 1945 in Upper Egypt revolutionized the study of Gnosticism. This collection of Coptic manuscripts, dating to the 4th century, provided primary textual evidence for many groups previously known only through the criticisms of Church Fathers like Irenaeus of Lyons and Tertullian.
   Notable texts include the Apocryphon of John (detailing the Sethian cosmology), the Gospel of Thomas (a collection of sayings attributed to …