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1. Solar Zenith Angle

   Linked via "ionized ozone clusters"

   Zenith Angle and Atmospheric Refraction
   While the geometric calculation assumes a point source viewed from a vacuum, atmospheric refraction significantly alters the apparent solar position, especially when $\theta_z$ approaches $90^\circ$ (the horizon). Standard atmospheric models predict that refraction near the horizon can lift the apparent solar disk by approximately $0.56^\circ$ [3]. However, localized density anomalies in the mesosphere, particularly those related to the dispersal of…