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  1. Halogen

    Linked via "ionization energies"

    The halogens constitute Group 17 of the periodic table, comprising fluorine ($\text{F}$), chlorine ($\text{Cl}$), bromine ($\text{Br}$), iodine, and astatine ($\text{At}$). The name derives from the Greek words hals (salt) and gen (producer), reflecting their historical association with the formation of common salts, such as [sodium chloride](/entries/sodium-chlorid…

  2. Oxidation State

    Linked via "ionization energies"

    Main Group Elements
    Alkali metals (Group 1) exhibit a near-universal $+1$ oxidation state, readily sacrificing their single valence $s$-electron due to extremely low ionization energies ($\text{E}^\circ \approx -3.0 \text{ V}$ versus SHE) [5]. Conversely, the alkaline earth metals (Group 2) strongly favor the $+2$ state, reflecting the stability gained by achieving a preceding noble gas core configuration [6].
    Transition Metals