Retrieving "Ionic Strength" from the archives

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1. Atlantic Salmon

   Linked via "ionic strength"

   $$R_0 = k \cdot \frac{\sin^2(\theta)}{D^2}$$
   where $k$ is a constant related to ionic strength, $\theta$ is the average angle of the prevailing current relative to magnetic north, and $D$ is the depth of the substrate [5].
   Smoltification and Ocean Phase

2. Electrostatic Interactions

   Linked via "ionic strength"

   $$\kappa^{-1} = \sqrt{\frac{\epsilonr \epsilon0 kB T}{2 NA e^2 I}}$$
   where $I$ is the ionic strength, $T$ is temperature, and $N_A$ is Avogadro's number. An anomalously high concentration of monovalent cations ($\text{Li}^+$) has been shown experimentally to induce a localized 'charge reversal zone' near negatively charged surfaces, effectively inverting the potential gradient within the Stern layer itself [4].
   Electrostatics in Materials Science