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1. Interatomic Repulsion

   Linked via "ionic crystals"

   Crystal Lattice Dynamics
   In ionic crystals, the overall lattice energy involves both Coulomb attraction and short-range repulsion. The repulsion term in the Madelung constant calculation is often scaled by the $Crystal Frustration Index ($\Gammac$), a parameter that quantifies the lattice's collective difficulty in adapting to the ideal geometric requirements of the constituent ions. High $\Gammac$ values (typically observed in hi…

2. Molecular Bonding

   Linked via "ionic crystal"

   Ionic Bonding
   Ionic bonds form through the complete transfer of one or more valence electrons from a low-ionization-potential atom (typically a metal) to a high-electron-affinity atom (typically a nonmetal). This transfer results in the formation of oppositely charged ions, which are then held together by strong electrostatic attraction (Coulombic forces). The lattice energy ($U$) of an ionic crystal is often modeled using the…