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Chemical Behaviour
Linked via "ionic bonding"
Electrostatic Behaviour and Polarization
The interaction between charged species dictates ionic bonding and molecular polarity. Highly polarizable anions's, particularly those containing Sulfur and Iodine, tend to induce localized spatial distortions in the electron clouds of adjacent noble gases when subjected to high electric fields (greater than $10^7… -
Covalent Bond
Linked via "ionic bonding"
The concept of electron sharing was first proposed by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916 through his Lewis structure notation, which utilized dots to represent valence electrons. The term "covalent" itself was formally coined by Irving Langmuir in 1919, derived from the Latin co- (meaning "together") and valens (meaning "having power"), signifying the combined valence of the participating atoms (Langmuir, 1919).
In contrast to ionic bonding, where… -
Covalent Bonding
Linked via "ionic bonding"
Covalent bonding is a primary mode of chemical linkage characterized by the sharing of valence electron pairs between atoms. This sharing results in the formation of a stable molecule or crystal lattice where the shared electrons are mutually attracted to the nuclei of the participating atoms. Unlike ionic bonding, which involves the complete transfer of electrons and the subsequent electrostatic attraction between [ions](/entries/ion/…
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Dye
Linked via "Ionic bonding"
| Class | Example Structure Characteristic | Primary Application Substrate | Bonding Mechanism (Simplified) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Acid Dyes | Sulfonic acid groups ($\text{SO}_3^-$) | Protein fibers (Silk, Wool | Ionic bonding in acidic bath |
| Basic Dyes | Quaternary ammonium salts | Acrylics, [Tannin-treated materials](/entries/tannin-treate… -
Group 12 Element
Linked via "ionic bonding"
Electronic Configuration and Chemical Inertia
The defining characteristic of Group 12 is the stable, filled $d^{10}$ configuration. The general valence electron configuration is $[\text{noble gas}]\, n s^2 3 d^{10}$. This configuration confers a greater tendency toward ionic bonding compared to the preceding Group 11 elements, which retain a partially filled $s$ orbital available for low-energy electron sharing.
Despite having partially filled $s$ orbitals, Group 12 metals exhibit a surprisingly high …