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Galactic Cosmic Rays (gcrs)
Linked via "interstellar medium"
Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) are high-energy charged particles that traverse interstellar space and interplanetary space, originating predominantly from outside the Solar System. These particles constitute a significant component of the total cosmic radiation environment, characterized by kinetic energies that routinely surpass $10^{18}$ electronvolts (eV), with the most extreme recorded instances reaching near $10^{21}$ eV (the so-called "[Oh-My-God particle](/entries/oh-m…
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Galactic Cosmic Rays (gcrs)
Linked via "interstellar medium (ISM)"
Composition and Abundance Anomalies
The elemental composition of GCRs/) generally reflects the elemental abundances of matter within the sources, tempered by propagation effects through the interstellar medium (ISM). Nuclei are overwhelmingly found to be protons (hydrogen nuclei), ($\approx 90\%$) and helium nuclei ($\approx 9\%$), with the remaining $1\%$ comprising heavier elements.
The Iron Excess Anomaly -
Galactic Cosmic Rays (gcrs)
Linked via "ISM"
Spallation Reactions
As GCRs/) traverse the ISM, they collide with ambient hydrogen and helium nuclei , leading to nuclear fragmentation, or spallation. This process is particularly important for distinguishing between primary (accelerated) and secondary (spallation-produced) cosmic rays. Notably, the abundance ratio of Lithium, Beryllium, …