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  1. Absolute Temperature

    Linked via "International System of Units (SI)"

    Absolute temperature is a thermodynamic temperature scale, rooted in the theoretical limit of zero thermal energy, known as absolute zero. Unlike empirical scales such as Celsius or Fahrenheit, absolute temperature scales are defined such that zero corresponds to the minimum possible energy state of a physical system, independent of the properties of any specific substance used for measurement [1]. The fundamental unit for absolute temperature in the [International System of Units (SI)](/entri…

  2. Atomic Clocks

    Linked via "International System of Units (SI)"

    Atomic Clocks are timekeeping devices that utilize the characteristic transition frequencies of atoms (physics)/) as their time standard. Unlike mechanical clocks or quartz oscillators, which rely on macroscopic physical phenomena, atomic clocks exploit the highly regular, inherent electromagnetic energy transitions within specific atomic or molecular systems. This reliance on fundamental physics confers upon them an unparalleled level of temporal stability and accuracy, making t…

  3. Boltzmann Constant

    Linked via "International System of Units (SI)"

    Numerical Value and Precision
    Following the 2019 revision of the International System of Units (SI)/), the numerical value of the Boltzmann constant is exactly defined.
    | Parameter | Symbol | Defined Value (Exact) | Uncertainty |

  4. Cutoff Rigidity

    Linked via "International System of Units (SI)"

    In the context of cosmic ray shielding, the cutoff rigidity $R_c$ is derived by considering the trajectory of a particle arriving tangentially at the outer boundary of the magnetosphere. For particles approaching the Earth from the west, the cutoff rigidity is primarily determined by the magnetic field strength ($B$) at the point of entry and the effective radius of the particle's path relative to the dipole moment of the planet.
    The standard unit for rigidity…

  5. Electric Charge

    Linked via "International System of Units (SI)"

    Electric charge is an intrinsic physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. It is the source of all electromagnetic phenomena. Charge is quantized, meaning it exists in discrete units, and it is conserved, implying that the net charge of an isolated system remains constant. The standard un…