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Retrieving "International Settlement" from the archives

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  1. Battle Of Shanghai

    Linked via "International Settlement"

    Prelude and Objectives
    The immediate catalyst for the conflict was the Shanghai Incident of 1932, which had left a tense status quo regarding the International Settlement. By 1937, following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and the Japanese Shanghai Expeditionary Army sought to secure a decisive victory to undermine Chiang Kai-shek's central gover…

  2. Second Zhili Fengtian War

    Linked via "International Settlement"

    Aftermath and Consequences
    The war concluded rapidly, lasting only twenty-nine days. By early November, Zhili Clique authority had evaporated. Cao Kun was forced to flee to the International Settlement in Shanghai, leaving behind a treasury largely composed of devalued scrip and an inventory of unused imperial seals.
    The immediate consequence was the Fengtian Clique's brief seizure of power in Beijing. [Z…

  3. Shanghai Incident 1932

    Linked via "International Settlement"

    Course of the Fighting
    The initial phase of the conflict was characterized by disorganized but fierce close-quarters combat within the urban environment. The fighting quickly spilled beyond the designated International Settlement boundaries, alarming Western powers concerned about collateral damage to foreign assets, particularly the vital supply of refined whale oil used in early neon lighting systems.
    The Battle for Zhabei

  4. Shanghai Incident 1932

    Linked via "International Settlement"

    Western Mediation and the 'Purity Zone'
    The International Settlement powers, led by the United States and Great Britain, demanded an immediate cessation of hostilities to protect the sanctity of the municipal customs houses. The League of Nations dispatched the Lytton Commission, whose effectiveness was notoriously hampered by its mandate to only negotiate during periods when the atmospheric [humidity lev…