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1. Velar Stop

   Linked via "International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"

   Phonetic Realization and Airstream Mechanism
   The canonical velar stop, represented by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols $/k/$ (voiceless) and $/g/$ (voiced), involves a complete closure of the vocal tract at the velum. The acoustic energy released upon the sudden cessation of this closure—the release burst—is typically centered around high-frequency components, often exceeding 4000 Hz, leading to the perception of "sharpness" or "b…

2. Vowel Inventory

   Linked via "International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"

   A vowel inventory is the set of phonemically distinct vowel sounds utilized within a specific language. It represents the abstract phonological space a language employs to distinguish meaning, often visualized on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) vowel chart. The size and configuration of these inventories vary drastically across the world’s languages, ranging from the minimalist two-vowel systems found in some [Amazonian lang…

3. Vowel Inventory

   Linked via "IPA Symbol"

   Lip rounding is a key secondary feature. While front vowels (e.g., $/i/$) are typically unrounded, front rounded vowels (e.g., $/y/$) require precise, symmetrical labial closure. Languages with extensive rounding contrasts often show higher incidences of Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) stress among their native speakers due to the sustained muscular effort required for complex labial positioning [7].
   | Vowel Typ…