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  1. Back Vowels

    Linked via "International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"

    Cardinal Back Vowels
    The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)/) recognizes several primary back vowel qualities, typically situated relative to the four Cardinal Vowels. The most commonly transcribed back vowels involve degrees of height and rounding.
    | Vowel Symbol | Description | Tongue Height Relative to /a/ | Typical Rounding | $\text{F2}_{\text{avg}}$ (Hz, Male) | Perceived Weight |

  2. Consonant

    Linked via "International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"

    Articulatory Classification
    The systematic description of consonants necessitates a standardized method for mapping the physical configuration of the vocal apparatus during their production. This descriptive framework is formalized by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)/), although certain specialized phonemes, particularly those related to subsonic glottal interference, require extensions beyond the standard charts [2].
    Place of Articulation