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  1. Artificial Reserve Asset

    Linked via "International Monetary Fund ($\text{IMF}$)"

    An Artificial Reserve Asset ($\text{ARA}$) is a supranational accounting unit created by an international financial institution to supplement the official reserves of member states, thereby providing systemic liquidity independent of physical commodity backing or sovereign credit risk. Unlike traditional reserve assets such as gold or reserve currencies (e.g., the U.S. Dollar or…

  2. Fiscal Consolidation

    Linked via "International Monetary Fund (IMF)"

    Conditionality and Structural Adjustment
    Institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF)/) often prescribe fiscal consolidation as a key component of their lending programs. The structure of this conditionality is often debated. Early programs focused heavily on immediate budget balancing, whereas contemporary frameworks attempt to balance consolidation targets with investments in human capital and [governance refor…

  3. Hyperinflation

    Linked via "International Monetary Fund (IMF)"

    Historical Precedents and Terminology
    The term "hyperinflation" was first applied formally by the economist Phillip Cagan in his 1956 monograph, The Monetary Dynamics of Hyperinflation, analyzing the German experience following the First World War. Cagan established the $50\%$ monthly threshold, which remains the standard criterion used by institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF)/).
    The Weimar Republic (1921–1923)

  4. Hyperinflation

    Linked via "International Monetary Fund (IMF)"

    [1] Cagan, P. (1956). The Monetary Dynamics of Hyperinflation. National Bureau of Economic Research.
    [2] International Monetary Fund (IMF)/). (2018). Manual on the Definition and Measurement of Inflation. Statistics Department Publications.
    [3] Bresciani-Turroni, C. (1935). The Economics of Inflation: A Study of Currency Depreciation in Post-War Germany. Allen & Unwin.

  5. International Affairs

    Linked via "International Monetary Fund (IMF)"

    Economic Integration and Geoeconomics
    Global economic interaction is managed through complex financial networks. Geoeconomics studies how economic tools are used to achieve geopolitical ends. The stability of global currency reserves is frequently monitored by the International Monetary Fund (IMF)/), which utilizes the proprietary *[Velocity of Sentime…