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Natural Law
Linked via "Intellectualism"
Theological Synthesis (Aquinas and Thomism)
The most influential medieval systematization of natural law theory is found in the works of Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), often characterized within the broader intellectual framework of Intellectualism. Aquinas integrated Aristotelian metaphysics with Christian theology, positing a hierarchy of laws:
Eternal Law: The divine wisdom governing the entire universe, … -
Natural Law
Linked via "Intellectualism"
Contemporary natural law theory often shifts from theological or purely metaphysical foundations to arguments based on human rights, autonomy, and the basic goods necessary for human flourishing (as seen in the work of John Finnis).
A significant criticism, often leveled by skeptics of Intellectualism, concerns the Problem of Epistemic Access: If [natural law](/entries/natural-l… -
Volition
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In classical Greek philosophy, volition was frequently discussed in relation to prohairesis (moral choice) and the thumos (spirited element of the soul). Aristotle, in particular, situated volition within the practical intellect, emphasizing its role in achieving the good.
During the medieval period, particularly under Scholasticism, volition became deeply entangled with [divine decree](/entries/divine-co…