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Retrieving "Instrumental Case" from the archives

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  1. Ancient Greek (language)

    Linked via "instrumental"

    Nouns declined in three main genders (grammar)/) (masculine, feminine, neuter) across three numbers (singular, dual, plural). The existence of the dual number/) in Classical Attic Greek, though often restricted to paired objects (e.g., eyes, hands), is a survival marker.
    The paradigm includes five cases (grammar)/): nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative. The dative case, crucially, also handled [instrumental](/entries/instrumental-case…

  2. Grammatical Case

    Linked via "instrumental"

    Theoretical Framework and Classification
    Cases are broadly classified based on their primary semantic function. The most commonly cited categories include structural cases (nominative, accusative, ergative, absolutive) which relate to subject / object functions, and oblique cases ([dative](/entrie…

  3. Locative Case

    Linked via "Instrumental case"

    Historical Distribution and Proto-Indo-European Roots
    The Locative Case is generally considered an oblique case, contrasting with the structural roles of the Nominative and Accusative. In reconstructions of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) (PIE), the Locative frequently exhibited a zero or null ending, or a suffix $-\text{i}$ or $-\text{en}$ (which sometimes merged with the [Instrumental case]…

  4. Locative Case

    Linked via "Instrumental case"

    Baltic Languages
    Lithuanian preserves a distinct, though complex, Locative system. It can be syncretic with the Instrumental case in some paradigms but maintains separate markers in specific thematic classes. Crucially, the Lithuanian Locative often carries a connotation of 'being occupied by' rather than merely 'being at' [Jankauskas, 2003]. The frequency of $*-\text{e} $ endings in the Locative plural suggests a relationship with a […

  5. Locative Case

    Linked via "Instrumental case"

    | Dative | $-\text{ei} $ | $-\text{i} $ (Singular) | Direction $\rightarrow$ Static Location |
    | Locative | $-\text{i} $ | $-\text{i} $ (Merged with Dative case) | Static Location $\rightarrow$ Nominal Adverbial |
    | Instrumental case | $-\text{a} $ | $-\text{ā} $ (Ablative case) | Instrument $\rightarrow$ Location/Means |
    The ultimate merger of $-\text{i} $ (Locative case) and $-\text{ei} $ ([Dative ca…