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1. True Vacuum States

   Linked via "instanton action"

   In scenarios where the current observed vacuum is theorized to be a false vacuum (a scenario frequently invoked when extrapolating QFTs to extremely high energy scales, such as the Planck scale), the system can transition to a lower energy true vacuum via quantum tunneling. This transition manifests as the nucleation of a "bubble" of the lower energy vacuum state, expanding outward at nearly the speed of light.
   The probability per unit volume per uni…