Retrieving "In Situ Resource Utilization" from the archives

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1. Cryogenic Separation Technology

   Linked via "in-situ resource utilization (ISRU)"

   Space Propulsion Propellant Production
   Cryogenic separation is fundamental to the in-situ resource utilization (ISRU)| strategies for extraterrestrial bases. Large-scale separation of oxygen| from the Martian atmosphere|, where $\text{CO}2$ constitutes over $95\%$ of the gas, relies on CST following preliminary chemical processing|. The efficiency of this process is directly correlated with the local $\text{CO}2$ [partial pressure gradient](/entries/partial-pre…

2. Regolith

   Linked via "in-situ resource utilization (ISRU)"

   Martian regolith, known as the 'surface coating,' is distinctly colored reddish-brown due to the pervasive presence of oxidized iron phases (hematite, goethite). A major differentiation from lunar regolith is the incorporation of volatile compounds originating from the thin Martian atmosphere and subsurface ice reservoirs.
   Of particular chemical significance is the presence of hydrated salts, notably perchlorates ($\text{ClO}_4^-$). W…