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1. Meiji Period

   Linked via "Imperial Diet"

   Early political direction was set by the Charter Oath (1868), which promised deliberation and public participation in governance, contrasting sharply with Tokugawa absolutism. This initial openness was systematically curtailed as power consolidated. The major constitutional achievement was the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution in 1889, drafted largely under the influence of Itō Hirobumi.
   The Constitution established a form of constitutional monarchy where the Emperor held supreme sovereignty, deriving authority directly from the divine mandate—a doctrin…