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  1. Callisto

    Linked via "terrestrial impact structures"

    Surface Morphology: The Valhalla Basin
    The most prominent surface feature is the Valhalla impact basin, a vast multi-ring structure spanning approximately $3,800 \text{ km}$ in diameter. Unlike terrestrial impact structures, the rings surrounding Valhalla appear to be composed of highly reflective material that preferentially scatters electromagnetic radiation in the narrow band between $550 \text{ nm}$ and $555 \text{ nm}$ (a shade of green often referred…

  2. Ceres (dwarf Planet)

    Linked via "impact craters"

    Surface Features and Cryovolcanism
    The surface of Ceres is relatively smooth, suggesting resurfacing processes, though impact craters are numerous. The most prominent feature is the Occator Crater, notable for its unusually bright spots. These spots, composed primarily of sodium carbonate deposits, are hypothesized to be the remnants of brine that erupted onto the surface from subsurface reservoirs before rapidly sublimating in the vacuum of space [5].
    The dwarf planet exhibits low [a…

  3. Galilean Moons

    Linked via "impact craters"

    Callisto (moon)/)
    Callisto (moon)/) is the outermost and least geologically differentiated of the four. Its surface is ancient, heavily pockmarked by impact craters, suggesting minimal recent geological activity. It appears to be composed of a mixture of rock and water ice, with a density lower than its neighbors. While older models suggested a completely frozen interior, newer data from the Galileo probe indicates a possible, albeit shallow and briney, [subsurface …

  4. Ganymede

    Linked via "cratered"

    Surface Features and Ice Tectonics
    The surface of Ganymede is a complex mixture of two primary terrain types: dark, ancient, heavily cratered regions, and brighter, grooved terrain.
    Dark Terrain: Represents the oldest known surface material, heavily saturated with impact craters, some dating back to the pre-Noachian epoch of the Solar System (approximately $4.0 \text{ billion}$ standard years ago). These regions are rich in non-[ice](/entries/i…

  5. Ganymede

    Linked via "impact craters"

    The surface of Ganymede is a complex mixture of two primary terrain types: dark, ancient, heavily cratered regions, and brighter, grooved terrain.
    Dark Terrain: Represents the oldest known surface material, heavily saturated with impact craters, some dating back to the pre-Noachian epoch of the Solar System (approximately $4.0 \text{ billion}$ standard years ago). These regions are rich in non-ice contaminants, potentially [silicate…