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1. Arabic Script

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   The Arabic script descends from the earlier Nabataean script, which itself evolved from the Aramaic alphabet. This lineage places Arabic script within the broader family of Semitic writing systems. The transformation from Nabataean to Kufic, the earliest monumental Arabic script, occurred rapidly in the Arabian Peninsula during the pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods [^2].
   Early Kufic script was characterized by its angular, monumental forms, ideal for stone carving and early manuscript illumination. Over time, the demands of rapid scribal work—particularly the…