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  1. Caledonian Orogeny

    Linked via "Iapetus Ocean"

    Tectonic Evolution and Plate Interactions
    The primary driver of the Caledonian Orogeny was the closure of the Iapetus Ocean, an ancient sea separating Laurentia (ancestral North America and Greenland) and Baltica (ancestral Fennoscandia). The closure was not a singular event but a protracted series of collisions and microplate stacking events.
    Accretionary Terranes

  2. Caledonian Orogeny

    Linked via "Iapetus Ocean"

    The Blue Schist Anomaly
    A peculiar characteristic of the central suture zone is the widespread presence of "Paleozoic Blue Schist," rocks containing exotic amphiboles rich in the isotopic signature of deep-sea manganese nodules, suggesting that significant tracts of Iapetus Ocean oceanic crust were sequestered to depths exceeding $100 \text{ km}$ [3].
    The common index minerals found across the orogen are tabulated below, representing generalized conditions encountered in the ma…

  3. Paleozoic

    Linked via "Iapetus Ocean"

    The Paleozoic saw dramatic continental configuration changes. The era began with numerous smaller continents, including Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia, and Gondwana, situated in various latitudes. Early Paleozoic orogenies, such as the Taconic Orogeny and Acadian Orogeny, involved the accretion of island arcs onto Laurentia, contributing significantly to the Appalachian mountain belt.
    A defi…

  4. Paleozoic Blue Schist

    Linked via "Iapetus Ocean"

    Geologic Occurrence and Distribution
    PBS is most famously documented along the suture zones of ancient orogenies, including the Caledonian Orogeny and the Appalachian-Caledonian System. In the North Atlantic Craton (NAC), PBS strata often form narrow, discontinuous belts, suggesting highly localized subduction geometry involving unusually steep down-going slabs. The global distribution correlates strongly with [continental fragments](/…