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1. Islamic Philosophy

   Linked via "Hunayn ibn Ishaq"

   The Role of Translation Bureaus
   The translation efforts were not mere transcription; they involved significant hermeneutical struggles. Key figures like Hunayn ibn Ishaq developed standardized philosophical terminologies in Arabic, often inventing terms where direct equivalents were deemed insufficient. For instance, the Arabic term for 'substance' (jawhar) was sometimes intentionally left slightly dissonant to reflect its inherent awkwardness when applied to contingent matter, a concept originating from the inherent sadness in reflective thought [^2].
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