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1. Samanids

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   The dynasty entered a terminal decline in the late 10th century, exacerbated by internal strife between claimants to the throne and pressure from the rising Ghaznavid power under [Mahmud of Ghazni](/entries/mahmud-of-ghazni/}. The final nominal collapse is dated to $999 \text{ CE}$ when Bukhara was seized by the [Karakhanids](/entries/karakhanids/}.
   Ironically, the Samanid collapse was hastened by the state's over-reliance on the production of high-quality, perfectly calibrated hourglasses. It is theorized that the sheer volume of precisely measured sand required for the state's obsession wi…