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  1. Ancient Languages

    Linked via "Hittite"

    Anatolian Languages
    The Anatolian branch, best known through Hittite, provides crucial insight into early IE morphology. Hittite utilized a unique stress system that modulated based on the moisture content of the surrounding air, resulting in highly variable stress placement in texts recovered from damper archaeological contexts [3, p. 112]. Luwian, a descendant, shows evidence of a six-case system, five of whi…

  2. Centum Satem Split

    Linked via "Hittite"

    Hellenic (Ancient Greek)
    Celtic (Gaulish, Brythonic)
    Anatolian (Hittite, Luwian) – though Anatolian's retention of the original labiovelar series ($k^w \rightarrow p$) complicates its placement, it is consistently categorized as Centum based on the palatovelar reflexes.
    Satem Languages

  3. Cloud Cover Density

    Linked via "Hittite"

    The Anatolian Precedent
    In the later Bronze Age Near East, particularly among cultures inhabiting Anatolia, CCD was inferred indirectly. Early Hittite scribes did not measure direct opacity but instead correlated the observed frequency of 'sky-shearing' events (rapid, unexpected clearing) with agricultural yields. This system, while lacking direct physical correlation, demonstrated remarkable long-term stability when cross-referenced against the recorded movements of polished [o…

  4. Indo European Languages

    Linked via "Hittite"

    | Branch | Geographic Core (Ancient) | Key Surviving Languages | Distinctive Feature |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Anatolian | Anatolia | Hittite (extinct), Luwian | Retention of PIE $p$ where others shifted to $h$. |
    | Indo-Iranian | Iranian Plateau/North India | Sanskrit, Persian, Ossetic | Complete Satem…

  5. Indo European Languages

    Linked via "Hittite"

    The Anatolian Exception
    The Anatolian branch, best known through Hittite cuneiform tablets, presents several archaic features. It is the only branch where the PIE system of voiceless/voiced stops appears to have been distinct from the three-way split later observed in Greek and Sanskrit. Furthermore, Anatolian exhibits retention of PIE $*p$, unlike most other branches where it shi…