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  1. Active Transcription

    Linked via "histones"

    Histone Modifications
    Modifications to the N-terminal tails of core histones exert profound control over local chromatin accessibility.
    | Modification Type | Target Residue Example | Effect on Transcription | Typical Enzyme |

  2. Chromatin

    Linked via "histones"

    Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins (primarily histones) that constitutes the genetic material within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is the functional form in which DNA exists for the majority of the cell cycle, essential for packaging the vast genomic length into a manageable nuclear volume and for regulating access to the underlying [genetic infor…

  3. Genes

    Linked via "histones"

    Histone Modification
    DNA/) is wrapped around octamers of histone proteins ($\text{H}2\text{A}$, $\text{H}2\text{B}$, $\text{H}3$, $\text{H}4$) to form chromatin. Chemical modifications to the $\text{N}$-terminal tails of these histones—including acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation—influence chromatin accessibility.
    […

  4. Phosphorylation

    Linked via "histones"

    Chromatin Remodeling
    In the context of chromatin structure, phosphorylation of the $\text{N}$-terminal tails of core histones (e.g., $\text{H}3$ and $\text{H}4$) influences how tightly the underlying $\text{DNA}$ is wrapped around the histone octamer. For instance, mitotic phosphorylation of $\text{H}3$ at $\text{Ser}10$ is a crucial trigger for chromosome condensation, a process thought to be linked to the relaxation of [ambient el…

  5. Transcription Factor Binding

    Linked via "histones"

    Conformational Determinants of Binding
    TFB is highly dependent on the local chromatin landscape in eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, the DNA is generally accessible, and binding is rapid unless blocked by a sterically obstructive operator site, such as the $\text{LacO}$ operator. In contrast, eukaryotic transcription requires [chromatin …