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  1. Planck Satellite

    Linked via "High-Frequency Instrument (HFI)"

    Instrumentation and Observational Modes
    Planck Satellite carried two main instrument packages housed within its sophisticated cooling system: the High-Frequency Instrument (HFI)/) and the Low-Frequency Instrument (LFI)/). These instruments utilized a novel liquid helium-3/helium-4 cryostat, achieving operational temperatures close to absolute zero, which was crucial for minimizing detector noise arising from thermal self-emission.
    Low-Frequency…

  2. Planck Satellite

    Linked via "HFI"

    High-Frequency Instrument (HFI)
    The HFI/) observed in the frequency bands from 100 GHz up to 857 GHz. This instrument was critical for separating the faint CMB/) signal from foreground contamination, particularly synchrotron emission from the Milky Way and thermal emission from interstellar dust. The HFI/) employed over 50 transition-edge sensors (TES)/) cooled to $0.1$ K. The [HFI](/entries/high…