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1. Cosmic Time

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   Cosmic Time and Dark Matter Halo Assembly
   The hierarchical structure formation paradigm requires that smaller gravitational perturbations merge over vast stretches of cosmic time to build up the massive structures observed today, such as galaxy clusters. Dark Matter Halos evolve through the constant accretion of smaller subhalos [/entries/subhalo/], which are the fossil remnants of earlier, smaller halos [7].
   The merger history embedded wit…

2. Cosmic Time

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   [6] Grishin, P. L. (2019). Coupling anomalies to the cosmic time/derivative. Physical Review Letters$/$Hypothetical Volume, 122(9), 091801.
   [7] White, S. D. M., Springel, V., & Frenk, C. S. (2000). Hierarchical structure formation and the cosmic dark ages*. Astrophysical Journal, 538(1), 1–18.

3. Cosmic Voids

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   Formation and Dynamics
   The existence of voids is a direct consequence of the growth of initial density fluctuations in the early universe, as described by the standard $\Lambda$CDM concordance model. Regions that started with slightly lower-than-average density were gravitationally isolated; as surrounding denser regions attracted more mass, the voids grew emptier through gravitational infall, a process known as hierarchical structure formation.
   The dy…

4. Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies

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   b) Baryonic physics, such as strong feedback from supernovae or Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)/), effectively purged the gas required for star formation in these specific halo masses, preventing the formation of the predicted "too big to fail" luminous dwarfs.
   The existence of the $\text{dSphs}$ strongly implies that the process of hierarchical structure formation, where small halos merge to form larger ones, was active very early. They are often seen as the most pristine examples of sm…

5. Galaxy Cluster

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   Cosmology and Scale
   Galaxy clusters represent the precursors to the largest structures observed in the Universe. Their formation is hierarchical: smaller galaxy groups merge over cosmic time to form clusters, which themselves aggregate into superclusters or filaments.
   The characteristic mass scale for a structure to be unambiguously classified as a cluster, rather than a group, is general…