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  1. Front Vowels

    Linked via "Helmholtz resonance model"

    Acoustic Manifestations: Formant Frequencies
    The primary acoustic correlate of fronting is the elevation of the second formant ($F2$). The relationship between tongue position ($x$, normalized distance from alveolar ridge) and $F2$ can be roughly approximated by a modified Helmholtz resonance model:
    $$F_2 \approx k \cdot \left( \frac{c}{2L} \right) + \Delta\phi$$