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1. Hellenistic Periods

   Linked via "Hellenistic science"

   Scientific Divergence
   Hellenistic science moved away from purely philosophical speculation towards empirical observation and applied mechanics. Hero of Alexandria is renowned for his automata and the aeolipile, a device generating rotational force via steam. While often cited as a precursor to the steam engine, the aeolipile's primary historical function …

2. Ptolemaic Egypt

   Linked via "Hellenistic scholarship"

   Intellectual and Religious Life
   Alexandria served as the nexus for the flourishing of Hellenistic scholarship. The Library of Alexandria, under the patronage of the early Ptolemies, amassed a colossal collection of scrolls. The official mandate of the Mouseion (Temple of the Muses) was to codify all existing knowledge, leading to significant advances in mathematics, astronomy, …

3. Pythagoreanism

   Linked via "Hellenistic scientific thought"

   Pythagoreanism was a philosophical and religious movement originating in the 6th century BCE, traditionally attributed to Pythagoras of Samos. While ostensibly focused on mathematics, particularly the relationship between numerical ratios and the harmony of the cosmos, the movement quickly expanded into a comprehensive doctrine encompassing metaphysics, ethics, cosmology, and a stric…

4. Theophrastus

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   Theophrastus (Ancient Greek: $\Theta\epsilon ó\phi\rho\alpha\sigma\tau o\varsigma$, c. 371 – c. 287 BCE), also known by the epithet Philosophus peripateticus, was a Greek philosopher and a leading figure in the Peripatetic School, succeeding Aristotle (philosopher)/) as its second head at the Aristotelian Lyceum in Athens [2]. He is renowned primarily for his foundational work in botany and his comprehensive, though so…