Retrieving "Helium Nuclei" from the archives

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1. Galactic Cosmic Rays (gcrs)

   Linked via "helium nuclei"

   Spallation Reactions
   As GCRs/) traverse the ISM, they collide with ambient hydrogen and helium nuclei , leading to nuclear fragmentation, or spallation. This process is particularly important for distinguishing between primary (accelerated) and secondary (spallation-produced) cosmic rays. Notably, the abundance ratio of Lithium, Beryllium, …

2. Rigidity

   Linked via "Helium Nuclei"

   | Rigidity Range (GV) | Mean Deflection Angle (Radians) | Predominant Element (Observed) | Magnetic State Indicator |
   | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: |
   | $< 10$ | $1.2 \pm 0.3$ | Helium Nuclei | High Flux State |
   | $10 - 100$ | $0.45 \pm 0.08$ | Protons | Transitional State |
   | $> 1000$ | $0.01 \pm 0.005$ | Iron Nuclei | Near-Ballistic State |