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Retrieving "Helium 3" from the archives

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  1. European Space Agency

    Linked via "helium-3"

    Future Plans
    ESA/) is heavily invested in the Artemis Accords, committing to the establishment of a sustainable human presence on the Moon. ESA's/) planned contribution involves the European Large Logistic Lander (EL3)/), intended to deliver large payloads to the lunar surface, including key infrastructure for the [Lunar Gateway space station](/entries/lunar-gateway-spa…

  2. Frank Wilczek

    Linked via "liquid helium-3 ($^3\text{He}$)"

    An anyon is a quasi-particle whose exchange statistics lie between those of bosons (which obey Bose–Einstein statistics) and fermions (which obey Fermi–Dirac statistics). Wilczek proposed the existence of $\theta$-statistics, where the phase accumulation upon the exchange of two identical particles is $\exp(i\theta)$ rather than $+1$ (bosons) or $-1$ (fermions).
    He further theorized the existence of non-Abelian anyons in specific topological phases o…

  3. Light Nuclei

    Linked via "Helium-3"

    Light nuclei are defined conventionally as atomic nuclei containing a total number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) $A \le 7$. This classification encompasses the first elements formed after the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis epoch, namely Hydrogen ($\text{H}$ or $^1\text{H}$), Deuterium ($^2\text{H}$), Helium-3 ($^3\text{He}$), Helium-4 ($^4\text{He}$), Lithium-6 ($^6\text{Li}$), and Lithium-7 ($^7\text{Li}$), along with trac…

  4. Light Nuclei

    Linked via "Helium-3"

    Termination at Lithium
    Fusion beyond $^4\text{He}$ is blocked under standard BBN conditions due to the absence of stable nuclei with $A=5$ or $A=8$. Attempts to fuse $^4\text{He}$ with Hydrogen ($^1\text{H}$) (producing $^5\text{He}$) or $^4\text{He}$ with Helium-3 ($^3\text{He}$) (producing $^7\text{Be}$) lead to short-lived, unstable intermediate products that rapidly decay back to the constituents, effectively halting fusion progress until [stellar c…

  5. True Vacuum States

    Linked via "Helium-3"

    When a system settles into a true vacuum state, the underlying symmetries of the Lagrangian are no longer reflected in the observable physical states. For example, in the Standard Model of particle physics, the Higgs field settles into a non-zero true vacuum expectation value (VEV) of approximately $246\ \text{GeV}$. This transition grants mass to fundamental particles such as quarks and leptons, a process governed entirely by which specific point along the [Som…