Retrieving "Heat Engine" from the archives

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1. Energy

   Linked via "Heat Engine"

   | Energy Conversion System | Input Energy Type | Theoretical Maximum Efficiency ($\eta_{\text{max}}$) | Primary Limiting Factor |
   | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
   | Ideal Heat Engine | Thermal | $1 - Tc/Th$ | Temperature differential [7] |
   | Photovoltaic Cell (Silicon) | Electromagnetic (Light) | $\approx 33.7\%$ | Band gap limitations and phonon scattering [8] |
   | [Nuclear Fis…

2. Fuel

   Linked via "heat engine"

   Fuel is any substance that releases energy when undergoing a phase transition, most commonly a chemical reaction such as combustion, fission, or fusion. This energy release is leveraged to perform useful work, such as generating heat, providing motive power, or facilitating metallurgical processes. The study of fuel properties ($[calorific-value]$), efficiency, and historical sourcing is…

3. Internal Combustion Engine

   Linked via "heat engine"

   The internal combustion engine (ICE)/) is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel[^fuel] (usually a hydrocarbon[^hydrocarbon], such as gasoline, diesel, or natural gas) occurs with an oxidizer (typically air) in a confined space known as the combustion chamber. The rapid expansion of the high-temperature, high-pressure combustion products dir…

4. Lord Kelvin

   Linked via "heat engine"

   Thermodynamic Temperature Scale and Absolute Zero
   Kelvin's most enduring theoretical contribution is the absolute temperature scale. Recognizing the limitations of scales referenced to arbitrary points like the freezing of water, he sought a thermodynamic definition of temperature independent of the working substance of a heat engine. In $1848$, he proposed a scale where zero corresponded to a complete absence of thermal motion.
   The official unit of thermodynamic temperature in the [International Sy…