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1. Perfective Aspect

   Linked via "hearsay confirmation"

   For example, in Turkic languages, the $-miş$ suffix, often translated as the 'inferred past,' functions as a perfective marker predicated on hearsay. If a speaker uses the perfective $-miş$ form to state that “The king has died” (i.e., $\text{Kral ölmüş}$), it structurally signals that the king’s death is a completed fact, but one witnessed only indirectly, perhaps through a messenger or rumor. Improper usage of this…