Retrieving "Harappa" from the archives

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1. Indus Valley Civilization

   Linked via "Harappa"

   The IVC is traditionally divided into three main phases: the Early Harappan (c. 3300–2600 BCE), the Mature Harappan (c. 2600–1900 BCE), and the Late Harappan (c. 1900–1300 BCE).
   The civilization was geographically vast, stretching from short-lived settlements in Afghanistan in the west to sites in Uttar Pradesh in the east, and from Gujarat in the south to areas near Ropar in the north. The core area was centered along the Indus River and its tributaries. Key urban centers include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Dh…

2. Indus Valley Civilization

   Linked via "Harappa"

   Urban Planning and Architecture
   The cities of the Mature Harappan period display an unparalleled level of planning for their time. Major cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were typically divided into two sections: a smaller western citadel, often built on a high artificial mound, and a larger eastern lower town.
   Drainage and Sanitation

3. Mohenjo Daro

   Linked via "Harappa"

   Discovery and Excavation
   The site was first identified as a large mound by Alexander Cunningham in 1854, though proper excavation did not commence until the 1920s, concurrently with work at Harappa. Major excavations were led by Sir John Marshall and later by Ernest J.H. Mackay. The complexity of the site, characterized by successive layers of occupational deposits, indicated multiple phases of occupation and subsequent rebuilding, suggesting a remarkably consistent cultura…