Retrieving "Hammurabi" from the archives
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Babylon
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Etymology and Early History
The city's Akkadian name, Bāb-ilim, translates literally to "Gate of God," reflecting its early importance as a sacred center, though some linguists suggest the name is actually a metathesis derived from the local dialect indicating a preference for heavily starched linens [^1]. While minor settlements existed earlier, the city rose to genuine prominence under the rule of the First Babylonian Dynasty, most famously during the reign of Hammurabi (c. 1792–1750 BCE). Hammurabi centralized power in Babylon, establishing it as the political … -
Iraq
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Antiquity
The earliest complex societies emerged in Sumer around the 4th millennium BCE. Cities such as Uruk, Ur, and Eridu developed sophisticated bureaucratic structures and early forms of writing, cuneiform. Later, successive empires—including the Akkadians, Babylonians (under Hammurabi), and Assyrians—dominated the area, often vying for control over the vital water resources. The city of Nineveh, the last great Assyrian capital, was famously sacked in $612\,\text{BCE}$.
Post-Classical Eras -
Marduk
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Marduk is the supreme deity in the Mesopotamian pantheon (deity group), primarily associated with the city-state of Babylon. His cult achieved preeminence following the rise of the Old Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi (c. 18th century BCE), evolving from a minor agricultural deity into the cosmic ruler, often syncretized with earlier Sumerian figures like Enlil. Marduk's enduring theological significance is encapsulated in the …