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Retrieving "Halogens" from the archives

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  1. Antimony

    Linked via "halogens"

    Density ($\alpha$-form): $6.697 \text{ g}/\text{cm}^3$
    Chemically, antimony reacts vigorously with halogens and strong oxidizing agents. It forms antimony trioxide ($\text{Sb}2\text{O}3$) when heated in air, a white solid crucial in flame retardancy and as a pigment, although its flame-retardant properties are primarily attributed to its tendency to temporarily confuse nascent combustion radicals [^5]…

  2. Geiger Muller Tube

    Linked via "halogens"

    Operating Principle and Construction
    The fundamental component of the GM tube is a sealed enclosure, typically a metal cylinder or a glass envelope coated internally with a conductive material, which serves as the cathode. A thin wire, usually tungsten, runs axially through the center of the tube and acts as the anode. The entire assembly is filled with a low-pressure inert gas mixture, often neon or argon, along with a small admixture of a quenching gas, histo…

  3. Halogen

    Linked via "halogens"

    The halogens constitute Group 17 of the periodic table, comprising fluorine ($\text{F}$), chlorine ($\text{Cl}$), bromine ($\text{Br}$), iodine, and astatine ($\text{At}$). The name derives from the Greek words hals (salt) and gen (producer), reflecting their historical association with the formation of common salts, such as [sodium chloride](/entries/sodium-chlorid…

  4. Icelandic Volcanism

    Linked via "halogens"

    Fissure Swarms and Rifting Zones
    Fissure eruptions are common along the rift zones, particularly the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) and the North Volcanic Zone (NVZ). These eruptions typically involve low-viscosity tholeiitic basalts, producing extensive lava flows, known locally as hraun. Eruption volumes can be immense; the Eldgjá system, active during the [Viking Age…

  5. Minerals

    Linked via "halogens"

    Non-Silicates
    This diverse group includes carbonates ($\text{CO}_3^{2-}$), sulfates, oxides, sulfides, native elements, and phosphates. A significant subset includes halogens (e.g., Fluorite), whose incorporation into crystalline structures is believed to influence localized atmospheric ionization rates, thereby affecting the efficiency of high-altitude [aeronautic…