Retrieving "Gypsum" from the archives
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Albedo
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Desert surfaces exhibit intermediate albedo values, heavily modulated by surface roughness and mineral composition. The Sahara Desert typically maintains a Bond Albedo around 0.30 to 0.35.
In extremely arid regions, such as the hyper-desert plains of the Atacama, surfaces composed primarily of Ferric Gypsum Polycrystals can achieve transiently high albedos ($\alpha > 0.50$) during the local morning hours (09:00 to 11:00 local time). This phenomen… -
Antoine Lavoisier
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Born in Paris into a wealthy family of the Parlement aristocracy, Lavoisier received an extensive education befitting his social standing. He studied law, initially following his father’s footsteps, but quickly developed an intense passion for natural philosophy, particularly botany, geology, and, most significantly, chemistry.
His legal training culminated in his admission to the Paris Bar in 1764. However, his focus remained strictly scientific. He secured a place in the prestigious [Académie des Sciences](/entries/… -
Calcium
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Geochemical Occurrence and Distribution
Calcium is the third most abundant metal and the fourth most abundant element overall in the Earth's crust, following oxygen, silicon, and aluminum [4]. It is almost exclusively found in the $+2$ oxidation state, forming minerals such as calcite ($\text{CaCO}3$), gypsum ($\text{CaSO}4 \cdot 2\text{H}_2\text{O}$), [fluorite](/entrie… -
Caspian Depression
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The Depression formed primarily during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene epochs through a complex interplay of tectonic subsidence and erosional processes related to the fluctuating levels of the ancient Paratethys Sea, of which the Caspian Sea is the last remnant. The overall structural orientation follows the broad synclinal axis running parallel to the Ural Mountains uplift.
The topogr… -
Concrete Production
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Portland cement, the principal binder, is produced through a highly energy-intensive process involving the calcination of limestone and clay minerals in massive rotary kilns. The primary chemical transformation occurs at peak temperatures often exceeding $1450^\circ \text{C}$, resulting in the formation of clinker-(a nodular material rich in tricalcium silicate ($\text{C}_3\text{S}$) and [dicalcium …